Thank you Alena for the push, had to have it put right:)
Friday, December 18, 2009
Sunday, December 13, 2009
Creatine Effects On Herpes
Face to Face
Okay, a very short post just for today but I wanted to show you the most wonderful wonderful song that I 've heard in a long time-from the wonderful band Stanfour.
I love love love it just simple.
I wish you all a wonderful third Advent
xo Anny 
Okay, a very short post just for today but I wanted to show you the most wonderful wonderful song that I 've heard in a long time-from the wonderful band Stanfour.
I love love love it just simple.
I wish you all a wonderful third Advent
xo Anny
Saturday, December 12, 2009
Playtex Sport Tampons In India
Tonight tastes ..
I found yesterday the most beautiful lyrics of all time schönstne;
God when I look at my degree I want to throw up my room the most. Ok, a bit of disorder is always guaranteed, but at present I seem to etwaaaas exaggerating: D
So I have to free the whole weekend at my beautiful wittmer same time. class ..
Otherwise, I've been using before this weekend nothing pure-tuen had to spend so much decided by the ears the last few weeks, so I just chill out. What do you do for so on the weekend?
Do you know the advertisement with Kate Moss? God - I've never seen so much eroticism and beauty to the same in my life;
I love perfume ads, hach.
Since I last had some time for me, I took the time to make some webcam photos, nothing spectacular;
I found yesterday the most beautiful lyrics of all time schönstne;
Tonight tastes like the end of it all Could be so lucky to find meaning in this empty room of mine. We're too easily changed by things unsaid in time. And so can you wait for me? Can you change me? I'm not saying nothing i can not show. You're too busy talking about you. I can not stay here forever watching, waiting for you. Tonight tastes like the end.
God when I look at my degree I want to throw up my room the most. Ok, a bit of disorder is always guaranteed, but at present I seem to etwaaaas exaggerating: D
So I have to free the whole weekend at my beautiful wittmer same time. class ..
Otherwise, I've been using before this weekend nothing pure-tuen had to spend so much decided by the ears the last few weeks, so I just chill out. What do you do for so on the weekend?
Do you know the advertisement with Kate Moss? God - I've never seen so much eroticism and beauty to the same in my life;
I love perfume ads, hach.
Since I last had some time for me, I took the time to make some webcam photos, nothing spectacular;
Wednesday, December 9, 2009
Greataussieresortalbury
Got it - love it
Yes at first - excuse my rather inactive at the moment but this is changing again. Promised.
Today I got my results of my audit, WHOOOT
Guess? BESTAAAANDEN! could now truly be a nicer day in my life! Apart from that, today was my Valont dress from ebay at last and I will very soon be taking pictures, but it will only "public" attract to my farewell party can see times when I do then a can-at least not be in love with a piece of clothing.
Then the highlight of my day, so my 3rd highlight rather
said I've got my tattoo today - I love it since I got the idea for it.
"Today is a gift" - a very conscious decision and also for the post because, as you can see I have a slightly larger scar on the back. Was there a larger tumor on the body and therefore containing this quote. I love it so much.
Here then a pic
until the day then with RIGHT tattoo photos;)
xo anny 
Yes at first - excuse my rather inactive at the moment but this is changing again. Promised.
Today I got my results of my audit, WHOOOT
Guess? BESTAAAANDEN! could now truly be a nicer day in my life! Apart from that, today was my Valont dress from ebay at last and I will very soon be taking pictures, but it will only "public" attract to my farewell party can see times when I do then a can-at least not be in love with a piece of clothing.
Then the highlight of my day, so my 3rd highlight rather
said I've got my tattoo today - I love it since I got the idea for it.
"Today is a gift" - a very conscious decision and also for the post because, as you can see I have a slightly larger scar on the back. Was there a larger tumor on the body and therefore containing this quote. I love it so much.
Here then a pic
until the day then with RIGHT tattoo photos;)
xo anny
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
Toddler Candida Symptoms
I'll go until my heart stops!
Yes after some days I log on again and word! It's actually not much going on - some have purchased from Ebay, but will do only if the parts photos arrived, and of course a lot of orders for my farewell party. You can learn more about this on my other blog; annygoesamerica.blogspot.com what else? AJAA. On Saturday I was with Kristina and she had given to me for your Birthday a shooting, which of course we have implemented directly, some photos are already on Deviantart since the weekend but here again a few grouped together, I still have not managed to finish all make photos of the leather jackets, for example, be cool to come in S / W, here a peview: &
learn Yes more you then surely tomorrow or the day - as soon as the first shopping parts have arrived:>
previously
xo anny 
Yes after some days I log on again and word! It's actually not much going on - some have purchased from Ebay, but will do only if the parts photos arrived, and of course a lot of orders for my farewell party. You can learn more about this on my other blog; annygoesamerica.blogspot.com what else? AJAA. On Saturday I was with Kristina and she had given to me for your Birthday a shooting, which of course we have implemented directly, some photos are already on Deviantart since the weekend but here again a few grouped together, I still have not managed to finish all make photos of the leather jackets, for example, be cool to come in S / W, here a peview: &
top clicks, 
learn Yes more you then surely tomorrow or the day - as soon as the first shopping parts have arrived:>
previously
xo anny
Wednesday, November 25, 2009
Groping In Train Technique
Ebay
Jaa, and today is my post fail again a little shorter - but I wanted you shortly some things I see the peddling on Ebay offers ruihg with if you have to be some interest-geblogt right again at the weekend.
Jaa, and today is my post fail again a little shorter - but I wanted you shortly some things I see the peddling on Ebay offers ruihg with if you have to be some interest-geblogt right again at the weekend.
Friday, March 6, 2009
Orkut Chicken Leg Piece Scraps
I'm going to throw ...
There will initially be no more new posts. I can hear but not with blogging on - I'm moving it!
From now on ScienceBlogs.de's new to me, with "Everything that lives . But not only by me, elements of selective sweep is also on board!
I would be happy if you true to me on the new blog is!
Oh, a Feed have already come out. 
There will initially be no more new posts. I can hear but not with blogging on - I'm moving it!
From now on ScienceBlogs.de's new to me, with "Everything that lives . But not only by me, elements of selective sweep is also on board!
I would be happy if you true to me on the new blog is!
Oh, a Feed have already come out.
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
Milky Mucus Before Period
scientific reasons why the EU "GM corn" prohibits: probably not ...
Just a quick post here that has to do with the OK of the EU to ban cultivation of genetically modified maize for the countries of Austria and Hungary. In the EU since 1998 - after a review by the European Food Safety Authority EFSA - a genetically modified maize from Monsanto admitted. Austria and Hungary have banned their cultivation anyway. The European Commission is seeking a single solution for Europe, and therefore wants to repeal the national ban on cultivation. So a decision to conduct the first ever in the way, but it takes a majority of EU environment ministers. And they rejected a few days ago once again the proposal.
Now I want to fire up any policy discussion, because their reasons for or against genetically modified organisms and their use in agriculture. I feel really just a question of which very different reasons our Environment Minister Gabriel has called for its decision on the alignment of EU environment ministers. There were certainly no environmental concerns.
And what is to follow the interests of a single American company? Since only this one maize Europe's only approved genetically modified crop is this has anything to do with a preference - and the competition from Monsanto can produce GMOs and then allow the EU for cultivation can be. About the negative political atmosphere will make the only no. And if so many citizens against genetic engineering in agriculture but, then that should settle it on the market by itself, right?
Source: biotechnologie.de found 
Just a quick post here that has to do with the OK of the EU to ban cultivation of genetically modified maize for the countries of Austria and Hungary. In the EU since 1998 - after a review by the European Food Safety Authority EFSA - a genetically modified maize from Monsanto admitted. Austria and Hungary have banned their cultivation anyway. The European Commission is seeking a single solution for Europe, and therefore wants to repeal the national ban on cultivation. So a decision to conduct the first ever in the way, but it takes a majority of EU environment ministers. And they rejected a few days ago once again the proposal.
Now I want to fire up any policy discussion, because their reasons for or against genetically modified organisms and their use in agriculture. I feel really just a question of which very different reasons our Environment Minister Gabriel has called for its decision on the alignment of EU environment ministers. There were certainly no environmental concerns.
I can not see why we follow the interests of a single American company and apply it in the Member States citizens are against us [...]People do not want GMOs, so we ban it? Hopefully not get too many taxpayers know how politics works ...
And what is to follow the interests of a single American company? Since only this one maize Europe's only approved genetically modified crop is this has anything to do with a preference - and the competition from Monsanto can produce GMOs and then allow the EU for cultivation can be. About the negative political atmosphere will make the only no. And if so many citizens against genetic engineering in agriculture but, then that should settle it on the market by itself, right?
Source: biotechnologie.de found
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
Indian Womens Side Boobs In Sarees
Monday, March 2, 2009
Gay Cruiseing Areas In Dublin
Project Paper Overview Intermezzo: Homologous recombination
While in the last post to the repair aspect of our mutants were, should be considered in the next their involvement in DNA recombination. But this will be without a little background knowledge for homologous recombination as easily, so I've decided not to hope for this complex slot.
recombination means, first, that genetic information between two DNA molecules is replaced. Of the many recombination, homologous recombination is the most conservative. That was not a political statement, it just means that ideally it will be no change in the sequence. This is possible because used for homologous recombination identical (= homologous) DNA sequences. These sequences occur in organisms such as humans or from Arabidopsis homologous chromosome diploid. Or, even better, according to the doubling of the chromosomes during replication, the sister . The starting point of homologous recombination is always a double-strand break. This may be deliberate, as in meiosis (which in another part of the overview paper issues, probably # 5). Alternatively, a double strand break but also be induced by ionizing radiation or chemicals. This would be the combination of homologous recombination with DNA repair.
What really happened during homologous recombination, we do not know one hundred percent. You can follow this process does not live on a DNA molecule. But you can build up his attempts to use specific processes can be excluded because of the result, but other processes are likely. Many of these basic experiments were made with baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the clever constructs defined in the genome have been introduced that allow for a homologous recombination, shares to be determined by specific procedures. This sounds very bland, so I just want to show on a beautiful example of what I mean.
The "Double beach Break Repair model of homologous recombination
preconceived 1983 Szostak et al. in a review article the then current state of Rekombinationsforschung together. They have found that previously proposed models of homologous recombination events during meiosis auftrende often unpredictable. If one considers, for example, two markers [1], there are heterozygous and coupled (ie sitting together on a chromosome, but not on the second chromosome of a diploid organism), then one would expect from the descendants of the simple splitting after Mendel in 1:1 - Half of the offspring has received the chromosome with two markers, the other half the homologous chromosomes without the markers. Because of the special situation of the chromosome then studied fungal species, the notation is traditionally not 1:1 but 4:4, the changes in the relationship but nothing. Then, can one see that happen sometimes, other divisions, such as 6:2 (or 2:6), or 5:3. This information should have been transferred from one chromosome to another, or an exchange between two chromosomes is to be such that the two markers are no longer linked on one chromosome and can be inherited independently. These two operations are referred to as gene conversion and crossing over, and they are in Figure 1 of Szostak et al. represented (albeit in reverse order):
Figure 1 of Szostak et al. (1983). State of two coupled heterozygous markers A and B and the effects of crossing over (a) and gene conversion (b). Click for larger version.
what's going on now? Szostak et al. propose a mechanism based on the repair of double strand breaks. This was new because the previous models were the immediate causes such as short single-stranded regions on the DNA (ssDNA nicks) from. From repair research was already known that the double-strand break repair in yeast very efficient expired. The new model should therefore start with a double-strand breaks, and with the possibility for both crossing over, as also end gene conversion. The idea of Szostak and colleagues looked like this:
double-strand break repair model (DSBR) by Szostak et al. (1983). Click for larger version.
Starting from a double strand break, the free ends by proteins ( exonucleases ) so cut back that there are single-stranded overhangs free. For example, a ssDNA is of course available for base pairing. If after a "homology" a homologous DNA sequence is found (like for example, said on the homologous chromosome, or may be also the sister), then is the so-called single-strand invasion: the single strand binds to the complementary sequence and displaces one of the existing strands. The resulting structure is D-loop (displacement loop) called. From here on the free end can be extended using a DNA polymerase, which increases the D-loop. Eventually, such a large area of DNA in the D-loop is displaced, that it can mate with the second free end of the double strand break. This also means that the first free end finally linked to the other side of the double strand break can be. The DSB is repaired now though, but we now have a problematic structure of DNA are present - two DNA molecules are crossed at two positions. Thus, a cruciform DNA structure known as the way to their first description Holliday Junction (AHA!), at the two crossings here is called a double Holliday junction (DHJ). Why this structure is problematic? Because a cell can not divide before the DHJ was dissolved!
and now takes up the idea of Jack Szostak and colleagues. A endonuclease, a protein that is the inside of a DNA molecule can be cut, set at the Holliday junction cuts to the two strands from each other to separate. And depending on whether the two symmetrical sections (bottom left) or asymmetric place (bottom right), is either a crossing over (CO, right) or gene conversion (also called noncrossover, so NCO, left).
Since 1983, much time passed, but the DSBR model has persisted. Meanwhile, for example, was shown to intentionally in meiosis, a special protein is double-strand breaks to initiate the homologous recombination: SPO11 . Also, Holliday junctions have been demonstrated experimentally already as intermediates of recombination.
"synthesis-dependent annealing-beach" and the "revised model "
order it now make a little more complicated, I will bring the sake of completeness the image up to date. In 1994, the groups made by William Engels and Gregory Gloor (Nassif et al., 1994) recombination with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , they found results that with the DSBR model of Szostak et al. could not fully explain. Ultimately, their results were to be understood only if we allowed two free ends of the DSB, independent of one another to initiate the recombination with different partners. A resolution to their synthesis-dependent beach- annealing model (SDSA), therefore required no Holliday junction as an intermediate. Already after the extension of the free end, this would cast from the D-loop and the base-pairing with the second end are available. Through such a mechanism does not crossover products would be possible.
2001, the two competing models of DSBR and SDSA then combined simultaneously by two groups. In the revised model today as process called for in the yeast results obtained from Hunter and Kleckner (2001) and Allers and Lichten (2001) begins the first homologous recombination, as I have already described for DSBR and SDSA. The balance between the two arms of CO and NCO is, however, before the DHJ intermediate, namely at the level of the D-loop. From here from the recombination can be either dissolved the NCO, by SDSA model. Or just over twice the Holliday Junction to the CO, which, according to this model, the only result of the DSBR pathway.
revised model of homologous recombination by Hunter and Kleckner (2001) and Allers and Lichten (2001). Click for larger version.
would like at this level I then left for today. What I have mentioned at all here, are the many proteins that populate the whole way. By some very well known its position in the scheme to and their role in many other known only approximately, in which half of the model fit. In the next
correct post this short series I will then introduce armed with the background for homologous recombination here, our studies mutants for recombination.
[1] Before the era of rapid sequencing, and even before the triumph of the PCR were such markers often spore color genes of the tested fungi, or antibiotic-resistance genes.
JW Szostak, TL Orr-Weaver, RJ Rothstein, FW Stahl (1983). The double-beach-break repair model for recombination Cell, 33 (1), 25-35 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674 (83) 90331-8
N Nassif, J Penney, S Pal, WR Engels, GB Gloor (1994). Efficient copying of nonhomologous sequences from ectopic sites via P-element-induced gap repair. Mol Cell Biol., 14 (3), 1613-1625
Neil Hunter, Nancy Kleckner (2001). The Single-End InvasionAn Asymmetric Intermediate at the Double-Strand Break to Double-Holliday Junction Transition of Meiotic Recombination Cell, 106 (1), 59-70 DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00430-5
T Allers, M Lichten (2001). Intermediates of Yeast Meiotic Recombination Contain Heteroduplex DNA Molecular Cell, 8 (1), 225-231 DOI: 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00280-5 
While in the last post to the repair aspect of our mutants were, should be considered in the next their involvement in DNA recombination. But this will be without a little background knowledge for homologous recombination as easily, so I've decided not to hope for this complex slot. recombination means, first, that genetic information between two DNA molecules is replaced. Of the many recombination, homologous recombination is the most conservative. That was not a political statement, it just means that ideally it will be no change in the sequence. This is possible because used for homologous recombination identical (= homologous) DNA sequences. These sequences occur in organisms such as humans or from Arabidopsis homologous chromosome diploid. Or, even better, according to the doubling of the chromosomes during replication, the sister . The starting point of homologous recombination is always a double-strand break. This may be deliberate, as in meiosis (which in another part of the overview paper issues, probably # 5). Alternatively, a double strand break but also be induced by ionizing radiation or chemicals. This would be the combination of homologous recombination with DNA repair.
What really happened during homologous recombination, we do not know one hundred percent. You can follow this process does not live on a DNA molecule. But you can build up his attempts to use specific processes can be excluded because of the result, but other processes are likely. Many of these basic experiments were made with baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the clever constructs defined in the genome have been introduced that allow for a homologous recombination, shares to be determined by specific procedures. This sounds very bland, so I just want to show on a beautiful example of what I mean.
The "Double beach Break Repair model of homologous recombination
preconceived 1983 Szostak et al. in a review article the then current state of Rekombinationsforschung together. They have found that previously proposed models of homologous recombination events during meiosis auftrende often unpredictable. If one considers, for example, two markers [1], there are heterozygous and coupled (ie sitting together on a chromosome, but not on the second chromosome of a diploid organism), then one would expect from the descendants of the simple splitting after Mendel in 1:1 - Half of the offspring has received the chromosome with two markers, the other half the homologous chromosomes without the markers. Because of the special situation of the chromosome then studied fungal species, the notation is traditionally not 1:1 but 4:4, the changes in the relationship but nothing. Then, can one see that happen sometimes, other divisions, such as 6:2 (or 2:6), or 5:3. This information should have been transferred from one chromosome to another, or an exchange between two chromosomes is to be such that the two markers are no longer linked on one chromosome and can be inherited independently. These two operations are referred to as gene conversion and crossing over, and they are in Figure 1 of Szostak et al. represented (albeit in reverse order):
Figure 1 of Szostak et al. (1983). State of two coupled heterozygous markers A and B and the effects of crossing over (a) and gene conversion (b). Click for larger version.
what's going on now? Szostak et al. propose a mechanism based on the repair of double strand breaks. This was new because the previous models were the immediate causes such as short single-stranded regions on the DNA (ssDNA nicks) from. From repair research was already known that the double-strand break repair in yeast very efficient expired. The new model should therefore start with a double-strand breaks, and with the possibility for both crossing over, as also end gene conversion. The idea of Szostak and colleagues looked like this:
double-strand break repair model (DSBR) by Szostak et al. (1983). Click for larger version.
Starting from a double strand break, the free ends by proteins ( exonucleases ) so cut back that there are single-stranded overhangs free. For example, a ssDNA is of course available for base pairing. If after a "homology" a homologous DNA sequence is found (like for example, said on the homologous chromosome, or may be also the sister), then is the so-called single-strand invasion: the single strand binds to the complementary sequence and displaces one of the existing strands. The resulting structure is D-loop (displacement loop) called. From here on the free end can be extended using a DNA polymerase, which increases the D-loop. Eventually, such a large area of DNA in the D-loop is displaced, that it can mate with the second free end of the double strand break. This also means that the first free end finally linked to the other side of the double strand break can be. The DSB is repaired now though, but we now have a problematic structure of DNA are present - two DNA molecules are crossed at two positions. Thus, a cruciform DNA structure known as the way to their first description Holliday Junction (AHA!), at the two crossings here is called a double Holliday junction (DHJ). Why this structure is problematic? Because a cell can not divide before the DHJ was dissolved!
and now takes up the idea of Jack Szostak and colleagues. A endonuclease, a protein that is the inside of a DNA molecule can be cut, set at the Holliday junction cuts to the two strands from each other to separate. And depending on whether the two symmetrical sections (bottom left) or asymmetric place (bottom right), is either a crossing over (CO, right) or gene conversion (also called noncrossover, so NCO, left).
Since 1983, much time passed, but the DSBR model has persisted. Meanwhile, for example, was shown to intentionally in meiosis, a special protein is double-strand breaks to initiate the homologous recombination: SPO11 . Also, Holliday junctions have been demonstrated experimentally already as intermediates of recombination.
"synthesis-dependent annealing-beach" and the "revised model "
order it now make a little more complicated, I will bring the sake of completeness the image up to date. In 1994, the groups made by William Engels and Gregory Gloor (Nassif et al., 1994) recombination with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster , they found results that with the DSBR model of Szostak et al. could not fully explain. Ultimately, their results were to be understood only if we allowed two free ends of the DSB, independent of one another to initiate the recombination with different partners. A resolution to their synthesis-dependent beach- annealing model (SDSA), therefore required no Holliday junction as an intermediate. Already after the extension of the free end, this would cast from the D-loop and the base-pairing with the second end are available. Through such a mechanism does not crossover products would be possible.
2001, the two competing models of DSBR and SDSA then combined simultaneously by two groups. In the revised model today as process called for in the yeast results obtained from Hunter and Kleckner (2001) and Allers and Lichten (2001) begins the first homologous recombination, as I have already described for DSBR and SDSA. The balance between the two arms of CO and NCO is, however, before the DHJ intermediate, namely at the level of the D-loop. From here from the recombination can be either dissolved the NCO, by SDSA model. Or just over twice the Holliday Junction to the CO, which, according to this model, the only result of the DSBR pathway.
revised model of homologous recombination by Hunter and Kleckner (2001) and Allers and Lichten (2001). Click for larger version.
would like at this level I then left for today. What I have mentioned at all here, are the many proteins that populate the whole way. By some very well known its position in the scheme to and their role in many other known only approximately, in which half of the model fit. In the next
correct post this short series I will then introduce armed with the background for homologous recombination here, our studies mutants for recombination.
[1] Before the era of rapid sequencing, and even before the triumph of the PCR were such markers often spore color genes of the tested fungi, or antibiotic-resistance genes.
JW Szostak, TL Orr-Weaver, RJ Rothstein, FW Stahl (1983). The double-beach-break repair model for recombination Cell, 33 (1), 25-35 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674 (83) 90331-8
N Nassif, J Penney, S Pal, WR Engels, GB Gloor (1994). Efficient copying of nonhomologous sequences from ectopic sites via P-element-induced gap repair. Mol Cell Biol., 14 (3), 1613-1625
Neil Hunter, Nancy Kleckner (2001). The Single-End InvasionAn Asymmetric Intermediate at the Double-Strand Break to Double-Holliday Junction Transition of Meiotic Recombination Cell, 106 (1), 59-70 DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00430-5
T Allers, M Lichten (2001). Intermediates of Yeast Meiotic Recombination Contain Heteroduplex DNA Molecular Cell, 8 (1), 225-231 DOI: 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00280-5
Sunday, March 1, 2009
Manhattan Gay Hookup Spots
good for the ears 2
Behind the scenes, I'm still trying to tinker at the next meeting due to the paper. That is why today is quick podcast recommendations.
About Radio Lab podcast I've been a few times reported. In the current episode it about - who else? - To Darwin. Who wants to hear, as Charles Darwin and Francis Crick (yes, with the structure of DNA) are connected to each other, but must listen to the full half hour. I will not tell when will this nice info!
WNYC 'Radio Lab: Darwinvaganza [ MP3 Link , 27:25]
After so much science wants to be entertained but also good. For that I can recommend the last three episodes StarShipSofa , in which the nominated short stories diejährigen British Science Fiction Awards are to be heard. Especially Ted Chiang I think one of the best writers we have at the moment. In "exhalation" he manages to combine robotics, anatomy and free will with allusions to the "Big Freeze" and the multiverse hypothesis. Great!
And if this short story for me now it is already a winner, the other two nominees are also recommended. As would the one hand, M. Rickert, "Evidence of Love in a Case of Abandonment" of a world in which the Pro-Life Group has won, and on the other hand, Paul McAuley "Little Lost Robot" on an enormous robot that moves through our galaxy and stomp all over all life.
StarShipSofa
Ted Chiang: "exhalation" [MP3 link , 46:59]
M. Rickert: "Evidence of Love in a Case of Abandonment" [MP3 link , 30:41]
Paul McAuley: "Little Lost Robot" [MP3 link , 40:23] 
Behind the scenes, I'm still trying to tinker at the next meeting due to the paper. That is why today is quick podcast recommendations.
About Radio Lab podcast I've been a few times reported. In the current episode it about - who else? - To Darwin. Who wants to hear, as Charles Darwin and Francis Crick (yes, with the structure of DNA) are connected to each other, but must listen to the full half hour. I will not tell when will this nice info!
WNYC 'Radio Lab: Darwinvaganza [ MP3 Link , 27:25]
After so much science wants to be entertained but also good. For that I can recommend the last three episodes StarShipSofa , in which the nominated short stories diejährigen British Science Fiction Awards are to be heard. Especially Ted Chiang I think one of the best writers we have at the moment. In "exhalation" he manages to combine robotics, anatomy and free will with allusions to the "Big Freeze" and the multiverse hypothesis. Great!
And if this short story for me now it is already a winner, the other two nominees are also recommended. As would the one hand, M. Rickert, "Evidence of Love in a Case of Abandonment" of a world in which the Pro-Life Group has won, and on the other hand, Paul McAuley "Little Lost Robot" on an enormous robot that moves through our galaxy and stomp all over all life.
StarShipSofa
Ted Chiang: "exhalation" [MP3 link , 46:59]
M. Rickert: "Evidence of Love in a Case of Abandonment" [MP3 link , 30:41]
Paul McAuley: "Little Lost Robot" [MP3 link , 40:23]
Monday, February 23, 2009
Ultra Model Topless Set
new blog: Labtutorials in Biology
Just a quick note on an interesting new blog by Bálint L. Bálint , Labtutorials in Biology. In it, he would like to introduce basic materials, tools and methods from molecular biology, so that students learn such as their use.
is exciting example of the Post " Liquid handling with pipettes " in which he explains with many people (including your own) pictures and videos, the operating principle of pipettes, the great variety of different types of pipettes - from the disposable pipette plastic to pipetting - shows and their use in the laboratory is received.
the post should probably do that many times the crime lab technicians from television thorough that I no longer have these chronic wounds on the forearm [1].
[via science roll ]
[1] From the constant biting, so as not to cry out loud having to face the regular scrap of expensive pipettes. 
Just a quick note on an interesting new blog by Bálint L. Bálint , Labtutorials in Biology. In it, he would like to introduce basic materials, tools and methods from molecular biology, so that students learn such as their use.
is exciting example of the Post " Liquid handling with pipettes " in which he explains with many people (including your own) pictures and videos, the operating principle of pipettes, the great variety of different types of pipettes - from the disposable pipette plastic to pipetting - shows and their use in the laboratory is received.
the post should probably do that many times the crime lab technicians from television thorough that I no longer have these chronic wounds on the forearm [1].
[via science roll ]
[1] From the constant biting, so as not to cry out loud having to face the regular scrap of expensive pipettes.
Saturday, February 21, 2009
Port Royale Multiplayer Vista
Diamonds in the Sky
not we stay in after my last post astronomical a bit the stars. But this time the literary art of Mike Brotherton has compiled an anthology that is worthy of more attention.
Very often, the crowd is real "science" in science fiction rather low. Because of the speed of light is traveling if its needs in the future or past. Great space battles with explosions and screams . The science is in favor of the story on the track. And while some people feel even good science fiction does bad Science has, Mike Brotherton for his anthology "Diamonds in the Sky" is trying to do the opposite: to compile SF short stories that reflect the most accurate astronomical contexts. So much so correctly, that his project funded by the National Science Foundation, was and will serve the short stories for students as a study aid!
I really like that in the anthology both sides to come word - excellent science fiction authors such as Jeffrey Carver, David Levine and Mary Robinette Kowal, but also scientists such as Kevin R. Grazier (involved in the Cassini / Huygens mission), or Valentin Ivanov (ESO staff).
Alle Kurzgeschichten sind übrigens frei zugänglich über die Read-Links unten. Viel Spaß beim Lesen!
not we stay in after my last post astronomical a bit the stars. But this time the literary art of Mike Brotherton has compiled an anthology that is worthy of more attention.
Very often, the crowd is real "science" in science fiction rather low. Because of the speed of light is traveling if its needs in the future or past. Great space battles with explosions and screams . The science is in favor of the story on the track. And while some people feel even good science fiction does bad Science has, Mike Brotherton for his anthology "Diamonds in the Sky" is trying to do the opposite: to compile SF short stories that reflect the most accurate astronomical contexts. So much so correctly, that his project funded by the National Science Foundation, was and will serve the short stories for students as a study aid!
I really like that in the anthology both sides to come word - excellent science fiction authors such as Jeffrey Carver, David Levine and Mary Robinette Kowal, but also scientists such as Kevin R. Grazier (involved in the Cassini / Huygens mission), or Valentin Ivanov (ESO staff).
Alle Kurzgeschichten sind übrigens frei zugänglich über die Read-Links unten. Viel Spaß beim Lesen!
Contents
In the Autumn of Empire (Jerry Oltion)
A cautionary tale about why scientific misconceptions can be important. This story will also be appearing in Analog soon. Keywords: The seasons. Misconceptions.
ReadEnd of the World (Alma Alexander)
Nothing is forever, not even the earth and sky. Keywords: Evolution of the sun.
ReadThe Freshmen Hookup (Wil McCarthy)
An exploration of how the elements are built in stars using the antics of college freshmen as a metaphor. Keywords: Stellar nucleosynthesis.
ReadGalactic Stress (David Levine)
You think your life is stressful? How about having to deal with the entire universe? Keywords: Scales of the Universe.
ReadThe Moon is a Harsh Pig (Jerry Weinberg)
Robert Heinlein’s novel The Moon is a Harsh Mistress about a revolt on the Moon was a landmark novel of the 1960s. Jerry’s story is also educational. Keywords: Phases of the Moon, Misconceptions.
ReadThe Point (Mike Brotherton)
What is the meaning of life in an expanding universe? This story previously appeared at www.mikebrotherton.com . Keywords: Cosmology
ReadSquish (Dan Hoyt)
How would you like a whirlwind tour of the planets? Keywords: The Solar System.
ReadJaiden’s Weaver (Mary Robinette Kowal)
So many things about life on Earth depend on the cycles of the sky, from the moon and tides to seasons and more. Well, what if the sky were different? How would humans adapt to life on a world with rings? Keywords: Planetary rings
ReadHow I Saved the World (Valentin Ivanov)
The movies Armageddon and Deep Impact featured nuclear bombs to divert asteroids headed for Earth, but this is really not the best way to deal with this threat. This story was originally published in Bulgaria, in the annual almanac “Fantastika”, the 2007 issue. Publisher: “Human Library Foundation”, Sofia. ISSN 1313-3632. Editors: Atanas P. Slavov and Kalin Nenov. Keywords: Killer asteroids
ReadDog Star (Jeffrey A. Carver)
It permeates space and has a subtle but important effect on our existence. What if the effect were not so subtle? Keywords: Dark Energy
ReadThe Touch (G. David Nordley)
Life in the Milky Way can be harsh depending the neighborhood you live in. You should hope you have helpful neighbors when the times are harsh. This story originally appeared in The Age of Reason , edited by Kurt Roth, at SFF.net in 1999. Keywords: Supernova (type 1a)
ReadPlanet Killer (Kevin Grazier and Ges Seger)
And sometimes the times are harsh but you have to depend on yourselves. It helps if you have a little unlikely but useful faster-than-light starships as in Star Trek . Keywords: That would be telling!
ReadThe Listening-Glass (Alexis Glynn Latner)
What’s the future hold for astronomy and astronomers? What would it be like to work on the moon? An earlier version of the story was first published in the February, 1991 issue of Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact. Keywords: Radio astronomy, the Moon
ReadApproaching Perimelasma (Geoffrey A. Landis)
A sophisticated tale about the ultimate journey. Previously published in Asimov's Science Fiction, Jan. 1998th Keywords: Black holes
Read
Friday, February 20, 2009
Stopping Chicken Pox Itching 3 Yr Old
epigenetics ≠ Lamarckism
An article at Heise online by challenging the titles " rodents inheritance of acquired skills is on had lately in the media so popular" Lamarck was right! "train jumped.
It's in the article on current research in the neurobiology of mice. Briefly was a mouse line that due to a mutation has difficulty with memory, tested for memory performance. The researchers found that young mice of this line when they were brought up in an environment that calls for the brain - Toys, social interactions, movement - performed better in memory tests. So far, so well known. Surprisingly, it was now for the researchers found that the offspring had better memories of this special sponsored mice, even though they grew up not even in a stimulating environment.
The author of the Heise article sees the belated revenge by Lamarck to Darwin. Why this is false, and how the results should be interpreted more?
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829) was a French scientist with a very interesting life. Without a college degree, he wrote the then-standard work on the flora of France, Flore Francoise , and was then a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences and employees of the Paris Botanical Garden. The site at the botanical garden was very poorly paid (depending on the source, even not at all), he had to otherwise provide an income: the publishing of other botanical books. This took place during the French Revolution, and while elsewhere were cut off heads in the city, received Lamarck a job and professor at the newly founded natural history museum - now responsible for insects and worms, but before you at this time to defend such a direction from above, a botanist would rather learn something new about animals.
Lamarck is known, however, until today for his theory of evolution developed in 1800. For while the idea of evolution, ie the formation of new species from older, for some time in early science haunted [1], still lacked a workable mechanism that would do this. Lamarck's view this was an inherent urge all organisms to evolve from a simple prototype to a better, more complex form out.
The most famous image, which describes the Lamarckian evolution takes, the giraffe, for example. Why do giraffes have such long necks? Because giraffes have their first or short necks elongated their lives over to the succulent leaves at the top to reach the trees, and inherited this so extended necks to their offspring. After several generations had then giraffes with long necks. The problem was to Lamarckism, 50 years later that Darwin had an idea for an evolutionary mechanism, and through natural selection could be not only loads data from fossils and extant species explain, but the long necks The giraffe: it had to do with the succulent leaves at the top in the trees, as Lamarck was still correct. In the population of giraffes, there were different neck lengths (variation), and if only the giraffes reached with the longest necks of the succulent leaves, then they also had more offspring inherited the long necks.
If in the media in recent months is about epigenetics, it is often evoked the Lamarckism. What is epigenetics?
A precise definition of epigenetics is still, in general, one understands but heritable characteristics that are not encoded in the sequence of DNA (which would have to genetics). A epigenetic inheritance, it would, for example, if the level of expression of a gene is inherited (in the extremes, therefore, whether a gene is turned on or off). How could a piece of information to be passed if it is not inherited in the form of a DNA sequence? Of the various options shown so far I will briefly describe two here: a gene is not only the sequence that is later translated into a protein. Before this area is a section of DNA, which sets as a kind of (dimming) switch, the amount of protein produced by regulatory proteins bind to it - the promoter. By attaching methyl groups to cytosines (one of the four bases of DNA), promoters set aside be. This is not a change in DNA sequence, the cytosines are still sitting in place in the promoter. The methyl group is covalently bonded to the cytosine, ie is inherited in the usual way with the cytosine on to offspring. In the progeny of this gene will be shut down so well.
is the second epigenetic mechanism no change of bases necessary. In the nucleus, the DNA floating around not naked, but there are a number of structural proteins bound to them. Very important here are the histones, which are small spherical complexes (called nucleosomes) wrapped with DNA [2]. The winding of DNA is needed to several meters away irrepressible in a cell nucleus a few micrometres in diameter. There are various condensation stages, the strongest of which the known metaphase chromosomes. The expression of genes in such a condensed state, but no longer possible.
The regulation of these condensation via modification of histones, attaching methyl groups, for example, increasing the degree of condensation, while an attached acetyl group decreases it [3]. It is therefore possible for the cell to regulate the expression of genes in a relatively small region of a chromosome.
In recent years, is now much evidence for an epigenetic inheritance Properties found which an organism acquires during its life. The memory performance of mice in the above linked Heise article is an example, but also increased recombination in Arabidopsis plants after UV-irradiation of their parents covered. Superficially one can understand why some people think of the inheritance of the acquired characteristics of Lamarck, or why the discussion of epigenetics in the media often Lamarckism is thrown. But there are several reasons why you can not equate those two concepts!
Funnily point the way: In Technology Review also reported on a second, similar study in mice, in which poor mothers had offspring that were also bad parents. This remains the Heise article only option, "for example, that the impact of early child abuse can skip generations [...]."
Oh, and both thumbs up for the many commentators on the article, criticizing not only the quality of the article, but also the inevitable creationists in their barriers have .
[1] For example, Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin about a beautiful poem written .
[2] Histone proteins are positively charged, DNA negative.
[3] quite so simple is not. The effect is affected by changes in the histone, the amino acid changes, and even the type of attached group. Based on the genetic code, this regulation as histone code was called. 
An article at Heise online by challenging the titles " rodents inheritance of acquired skills is on had lately in the media so popular" Lamarck was right! "train jumped.
It's in the article on current research in the neurobiology of mice. Briefly was a mouse line that due to a mutation has difficulty with memory, tested for memory performance. The researchers found that young mice of this line when they were brought up in an environment that calls for the brain - Toys, social interactions, movement - performed better in memory tests. So far, so well known. Surprisingly, it was now for the researchers found that the offspring had better memories of this special sponsored mice, even though they grew up not even in a stimulating environment.
The author of the Heise article sees the belated revenge by Lamarck to Darwin. Why this is false, and how the results should be interpreted more?
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829) was a French scientist with a very interesting life. Without a college degree, he wrote the then-standard work on the flora of France, Flore Francoise , and was then a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences and employees of the Paris Botanical Garden. The site at the botanical garden was very poorly paid (depending on the source, even not at all), he had to otherwise provide an income: the publishing of other botanical books. This took place during the French Revolution, and while elsewhere were cut off heads in the city, received Lamarck a job and professor at the newly founded natural history museum - now responsible for insects and worms, but before you at this time to defend such a direction from above, a botanist would rather learn something new about animals.
Lamarck is known, however, until today for his theory of evolution developed in 1800. For while the idea of evolution, ie the formation of new species from older, for some time in early science haunted [1], still lacked a workable mechanism that would do this. Lamarck's view this was an inherent urge all organisms to evolve from a simple prototype to a better, more complex form out.
The most famous image, which describes the Lamarckian evolution takes, the giraffe, for example. Why do giraffes have such long necks? Because giraffes have their first or short necks elongated their lives over to the succulent leaves at the top to reach the trees, and inherited this so extended necks to their offspring. After several generations had then giraffes with long necks. The problem was to Lamarckism, 50 years later that Darwin had an idea for an evolutionary mechanism, and through natural selection could be not only loads data from fossils and extant species explain, but the long necks The giraffe: it had to do with the succulent leaves at the top in the trees, as Lamarck was still correct. In the population of giraffes, there were different neck lengths (variation), and if only the giraffes reached with the longest necks of the succulent leaves, then they also had more offspring inherited the long necks.
If in the media in recent months is about epigenetics, it is often evoked the Lamarckism. What is epigenetics?
A precise definition of epigenetics is still, in general, one understands but heritable characteristics that are not encoded in the sequence of DNA (which would have to genetics). A epigenetic inheritance, it would, for example, if the level of expression of a gene is inherited (in the extremes, therefore, whether a gene is turned on or off). How could a piece of information to be passed if it is not inherited in the form of a DNA sequence? Of the various options shown so far I will briefly describe two here: a gene is not only the sequence that is later translated into a protein. Before this area is a section of DNA, which sets as a kind of (dimming) switch, the amount of protein produced by regulatory proteins bind to it - the promoter. By attaching methyl groups to cytosines (one of the four bases of DNA), promoters set aside be. This is not a change in DNA sequence, the cytosines are still sitting in place in the promoter. The methyl group is covalently bonded to the cytosine, ie is inherited in the usual way with the cytosine on to offspring. In the progeny of this gene will be shut down so well.
is the second epigenetic mechanism no change of bases necessary. In the nucleus, the DNA floating around not naked, but there are a number of structural proteins bound to them. Very important here are the histones, which are small spherical complexes (called nucleosomes) wrapped with DNA [2]. The winding of DNA is needed to several meters away irrepressible in a cell nucleus a few micrometres in diameter. There are various condensation stages, the strongest of which the known metaphase chromosomes. The expression of genes in such a condensed state, but no longer possible.
The regulation of these condensation via modification of histones, attaching methyl groups, for example, increasing the degree of condensation, while an attached acetyl group decreases it [3]. It is therefore possible for the cell to regulate the expression of genes in a relatively small region of a chromosome.
In recent years, is now much evidence for an epigenetic inheritance Properties found which an organism acquires during its life. The memory performance of mice in the above linked Heise article is an example, but also increased recombination in Arabidopsis plants after UV-irradiation of their parents covered. Superficially one can understand why some people think of the inheritance of the acquired characteristics of Lamarck, or why the discussion of epigenetics in the media often Lamarckism is thrown. But there are several reasons why you can not equate those two concepts!
- While all current research described an external influence produced the inherited characteristics in organisms, Lamarck himself vehemently protested against such environmental influences on inheritance. In his view, finally lived each organism occupies a driving force that compelled him to evolve more complex. According to Lamarck
- such acquired characteristics accumulate in a population, because they can not be lost. Epigenetics is a very dynamic and unstable process effects such as the Heise article is lost after several generations.
- epigenetics still rests on a genetic basis. The epigenetic modifications are generated by proteins that are encoded in the genome very conventionally. Epigenetically inherited characteristics are also subject to evolutionary forces such as selection and genetic Drift. So WIN Darwin, Lamarck FAIL.
Funnily point the way: In Technology Review also reported on a second, similar study in mice, in which poor mothers had offspring that were also bad parents. This remains the Heise article only option, "for example, that the impact of early child abuse can skip generations [...]."
Oh, and both thumbs up for the many commentators on the article, criticizing not only the quality of the article, but also the inevitable creationists in their barriers have .
[1] For example, Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin about a beautiful poem written .
[2] Histone proteins are positively charged, DNA negative.
[3] quite so simple is not. The effect is affected by changes in the histone, the amino acid changes, and even the type of attached group. Based on the genetic code, this regulation as histone code was called.
Thursday, February 19, 2009
Polaroid Ee66 Bedienungsanleitung
New toys: Starmap
such a beautiful night sky like last night I have not seen for a long time. Not a cloud in the sky, and even on the road with lights around me were very many stars visible.
I then got my most expensive program to buy iPod touch: Starmap . The 10 € but were well spent, Starmap is it worth every penny (and more)! I will not list all the functions to which I have previously used the program enough to know them all. Therefore, a more subjective idea of what I liked to use.
Starmap needs its own position in order to present an accurate picture of the night sky at the current location can. With an iPhone would not be a problem that has finally GPS. I had to look out but not fast the longitude and latitude of my site, because the iPod touch can sometimes find its location - Wi-Fi hotspots. And as my own wireless router is stored in any database (really know someone how hotspots are in there, and who is running the database?), Starmap was alone, the current position. The current time Starmap knew then, what objects in the sky had to be [1].
What do I do now if I want to find, for example, the constellation Orion [2]? A brings pressure on "constellations" in the menu bar me in a list that I can switch between all and the currently visible constellations. If I hit "Orion" button appears on the sky map, an arrow, which steers me in the direction of Orion, based on a view towards the north.
The movement then registered the iPod way. With the built-in accelerometer can I use the iPod horizontal and vertical motion, and the sky map will scroll in that direction! Zoom in and out goes the way and as for the iPod touch / iPhone usual.
Other nice ideas that are very clever solution: you can continuously both the brightness of the sky, and the set of stars to display on screen the actual visibility adapt. To give yourself not to look with a bright screen to pollute , there is also a red light mode. For additional information, many objects are stored, for the planet also pictures. Oh, and Pluto is at least in Starmap still a planet . ;-)
[1] also such data as up and set times are available offline, Starmap requires no Internet connection. can
[2] According to proceed even with planets, stars and galaxies. 
such a beautiful night sky like last night I have not seen for a long time. Not a cloud in the sky, and even on the road with lights around me were very many stars visible.
I then got my most expensive program to buy iPod touch: Starmap . The 10 € but were well spent, Starmap is it worth every penny (and more)! I will not list all the functions to which I have previously used the program enough to know them all. Therefore, a more subjective idea of what I liked to use.
Starmap needs its own position in order to present an accurate picture of the night sky at the current location can. With an iPhone would not be a problem that has finally GPS. I had to look out but not fast the longitude and latitude of my site, because the iPod touch can sometimes find its location - Wi-Fi hotspots. And as my own wireless router is stored in any database (really know someone how hotspots are in there, and who is running the database?), Starmap was alone, the current position. The current time Starmap knew then, what objects in the sky had to be [1].
What do I do now if I want to find, for example, the constellation Orion [2]? A brings pressure on "constellations" in the menu bar me in a list that I can switch between all and the currently visible constellations. If I hit "Orion" button appears on the sky map, an arrow, which steers me in the direction of Orion, based on a view towards the north.
The movement then registered the iPod way. With the built-in accelerometer can I use the iPod horizontal and vertical motion, and the sky map will scroll in that direction! Zoom in and out goes the way and as for the iPod touch / iPhone usual.
Other nice ideas that are very clever solution: you can continuously both the brightness of the sky, and the set of stars to display on screen the actual visibility adapt. To give yourself not to look with a bright screen to pollute , there is also a red light mode. For additional information, many objects are stored, for the planet also pictures. Oh, and Pluto is at least in Starmap still a planet . ;-)
[1] also such data as up and set times are available offline, Starmap requires no Internet connection. can
[2] According to proceed even with planets, stars and galaxies.
Monday, February 16, 2009
Family Guy Online Ipod Touch
Fringe locks the scientists away
What's new at our like anti-science television series from JJ Abrams, Fringe?
In Episode 14 of the current one appears at the beginning of the question to pursue, is where to lock away the many criminal scientists. Sure, we do best on a prison into which thousands of Bond villains are delivered. Only where it indicates is a prison? This is really no serious question to Germany of course! And the name of "science Prison" is the American public class in itself - that sounds so eerily beautiful to Karloff, or equal to Mengele.
What's new at our like anti-science television series from JJ Abrams, Fringe?
In Episode 14 of the current one appears at the beginning of the question to pursue, is where to lock away the many criminal scientists. Sure, we do best on a prison into which thousands of Bond villains are delivered. Only where it indicates is a prison? This is really no serious question to Germany of course! And the name of "science Prison" is the American public class in itself - that sounds so eerily beautiful to Karloff, or equal to Mengele.
Sunday, February 15, 2009
Breastfeeding Mom Old Man
Happy later, Charles!
Unfortunately, last week was so much other stuff that I do not have time for a post on Charles Darwin's birthday. Instead now belatedly to write about a man who over the past weeks already written so incredibly much, was that it was the most probably to his neck out is [1], I will briefly report on an event last Thursday was held in time for Darwin Day .
The Max-Planck-Institut for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig announced in a press release ( streaming video ) the draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome. The first is a bit questionable, since the announcement of results in the press before a full-fledged publication in a peer review journal is not a model act for a scientist. Here you can squeeze at least one eye, I think - the appointment of Darwin's birthday was just too tempting, also carried the press conference also simultaneously at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), which publishes, among other things, the Science Magazine . Still, a funny feeling remains in the stomach.
Apart from that the whole thing is of course very exciting. Just three years Svante Pääbo announced by the Department of Evolutionary Genetics to the MPI, it will sequence the Neanderthal genome. This is only possible in such a short time (remember the work of the Human Genome Project in the 90's lasted about 10 years), because now new, faster sequencing methods are available. These so-called second-generation sequencing technologies, but all suffer from the problem that they produce very short sequence pieces (20-50 base pairs). And here it helps the hard preparatory work of the Human Genome Project, as can be with the human reference genome be composed of the Neanderthal genome with very short sequences. One expects very few differences between the two genome sequences, the genomes of humans and chimpanzees are, after all very similar.
To get Neanderthal sequences, but they must first several problems can be avoided. Contamination by human DNA of the researchers involved would be fatal, so had the Neanderthal samples are processed in clean room conditions. Nevertheless, the bones were very, very long in the soil around, the samples contain about a lot mikrobiolle DNA. The course was mitsequenziert first, but could be removed through bioinformatic methods again: Bacterial genomes are compared with the human very small, and there have already been sequenced many. By the Leipzig researchers compared their sequences with bacterial genome sequences, they could detect impurities in their data and then discard. These impurities make up about 90% of the sequenced material! If one also considers that the group led by Svante Pääbo of DNA isolation protocols for incorrect about 99% loss was , it's amazing how far they have come in the short term.
It must, however, expressly stated that it is best, is a first draft sequence. About 60% of the genome sequenced, but this only once. In order to methodological errors to protect the sequencing technologies, should each nucleotide in a genome sequence can be sequenced, but several times (the human reference sequence, incidentally 12x coverage). Another problem is to estimate sequence differences between individuals of a species the variability of the genome sequence of a species to as many individual sequences should be present. This is currently in progress in the human genome, such as the Human Genome Project or the 1000 Genomes Project . Even the first human genome reference is in fact a mixture of the sequences of twelve anonymous individuals dar. soon but is also the sequencing of other Neanderthal samples Begin so that this problem should be well resolved at some point.
A big problem is not to remain anonymous also: Due to the great age of the samples, the DNA is fragmented and it is therefore very likely that we never had the complete genome sequence of the Neanderthal are obtained.
Nevertheless it is possible already to this first data to follow up interesting questions about the relationship between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis . In much of Europe, both human species lived side by side for several thousand years. It came to a hybridization, that is common to progeny of both species? If the modern man, perhaps even Neanderthals as ancestors? The recent sequence data (based on mitochondrial sequences and the Y chromosome) indicate more towards no.
The expression of the gene MC1R (melanocortin 1 ) that affects the degree of skin pigmentation, showed that there were possibly light-skinned and red-haired Neanderthals (Lalueza-Fox C et al (2007), Science 318:1453-5).
Finally, I would (yes you guessed it,) with this post - a podcast! About two years ago, is still relatively early in the Neanderthal genome project, Svante Pääbo, together with Thomas Jarvie (from 454 Life Sciences, which represent the sequencing available) in the always good Futures interviewed in Biotech podcast [MP3 link ]. I have not heard since the interview will, but maybe listen again. Let's see how Pääbos could keep up plans two years ago with the actual development.
[1] The public attention that Darwin and evolution is certainly true and just enjoy good, but I'm looking forward to the next, quieter weeks. Until it in late then with the 150th anniversary of Origin release goes around again. 
Unfortunately, last week was so much other stuff that I do not have time for a post on Charles Darwin's birthday. Instead now belatedly to write about a man who over the past weeks already written so incredibly much, was that it was the most probably to his neck out is [1], I will briefly report on an event last Thursday was held in time for Darwin Day .
The Max-Planck-Institut for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig announced in a press release ( streaming video ) the draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome. The first is a bit questionable, since the announcement of results in the press before a full-fledged publication in a peer review journal is not a model act for a scientist. Here you can squeeze at least one eye, I think - the appointment of Darwin's birthday was just too tempting, also carried the press conference also simultaneously at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), which publishes, among other things, the Science Magazine . Still, a funny feeling remains in the stomach.
Apart from that the whole thing is of course very exciting. Just three years Svante Pääbo announced by the Department of Evolutionary Genetics to the MPI, it will sequence the Neanderthal genome. This is only possible in such a short time (remember the work of the Human Genome Project in the 90's lasted about 10 years), because now new, faster sequencing methods are available. These so-called second-generation sequencing technologies, but all suffer from the problem that they produce very short sequence pieces (20-50 base pairs). And here it helps the hard preparatory work of the Human Genome Project, as can be with the human reference genome be composed of the Neanderthal genome with very short sequences. One expects very few differences between the two genome sequences, the genomes of humans and chimpanzees are, after all very similar.
To get Neanderthal sequences, but they must first several problems can be avoided. Contamination by human DNA of the researchers involved would be fatal, so had the Neanderthal samples are processed in clean room conditions. Nevertheless, the bones were very, very long in the soil around, the samples contain about a lot mikrobiolle DNA. The course was mitsequenziert first, but could be removed through bioinformatic methods again: Bacterial genomes are compared with the human very small, and there have already been sequenced many. By the Leipzig researchers compared their sequences with bacterial genome sequences, they could detect impurities in their data and then discard. These impurities make up about 90% of the sequenced material! If one also considers that the group led by Svante Pääbo of DNA isolation protocols for incorrect about 99% loss was , it's amazing how far they have come in the short term.
It must, however, expressly stated that it is best, is a first draft sequence. About 60% of the genome sequenced, but this only once. In order to methodological errors to protect the sequencing technologies, should each nucleotide in a genome sequence can be sequenced, but several times (the human reference sequence, incidentally 12x coverage). Another problem is to estimate sequence differences between individuals of a species the variability of the genome sequence of a species to as many individual sequences should be present. This is currently in progress in the human genome, such as the Human Genome Project or the 1000 Genomes Project . Even the first human genome reference is in fact a mixture of the sequences of twelve anonymous individuals dar. soon but is also the sequencing of other Neanderthal samples Begin so that this problem should be well resolved at some point.
A big problem is not to remain anonymous also: Due to the great age of the samples, the DNA is fragmented and it is therefore very likely that we never had the complete genome sequence of the Neanderthal are obtained.
Nevertheless it is possible already to this first data to follow up interesting questions about the relationship between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis . In much of Europe, both human species lived side by side for several thousand years. It came to a hybridization, that is common to progeny of both species? If the modern man, perhaps even Neanderthals as ancestors? The recent sequence data (based on mitochondrial sequences and the Y chromosome) indicate more towards no.
The expression of the gene MC1R (melanocortin 1 ) that affects the degree of skin pigmentation, showed that there were possibly light-skinned and red-haired Neanderthals (Lalueza-Fox C et al (2007), Science 318:1453-5).
Finally, I would (yes you guessed it,) with this post - a podcast! About two years ago, is still relatively early in the Neanderthal genome project, Svante Pääbo, together with Thomas Jarvie (from 454 Life Sciences, which represent the sequencing available) in the always good Futures interviewed in Biotech podcast [MP3 link ]. I have not heard since the interview will, but maybe listen again. Let's see how Pääbos could keep up plans two years ago with the actual development.
[1] The public attention that Darwin and evolution is certainly true and just enjoy good, but I'm looking forward to the next, quieter weeks. Until it in late then with the 150th anniversary of Origin release goes around again.
Friday, February 6, 2009
Settings To Bake Cake In Kenstar Oven
coffee creates cancer? The bubble burst
The scientific blog world is in Riot : The rag The richly illustrated English "newspaper" Daily Mail reported on possible genotoxic hazards of caffeine for pregnant children. And quotes like the scientist Marcus Cooke of the University of Leicester, who has just announced plans to investigate. The trouble has, here, on the one hand wants to persuade a newspaper, even on the basis of the announcement of a research project, pregnant women feel guilty, and also generously distributed recommendations on how to live in the future. On the other hand, however, the scientists interviewed is not innocent:
What the blogging colleagues (with the exception of Neuroskeptic ), in their excitement, but not received, and "overlooked" Mr Cooke was well: the caffeine content, and genome stability is already understood quite well! Sorry, but not the way it is presented in the article. But first things first.
signaling of DNA damage
I have mentioned a few posts already on the repair of DNA damage, but an important part of it I have been embezzled. For before the cell actually repairs the damage, it must still decide whether the repair worthwhile. For with numerous damages there's always the risk that creep mutations. And then before cancer develops, the organism sacrifices rather have a cell. This programmed cell death follows a strict genetic program and is known as apoptosis. the cell has decided to repair the damage they do, first of all the numerous repair proteins be activated. Moreover, during the repair of the cell cycle should be stopped. It would be very bad if the cell is located in the repair process begins to replicate their DNA, or to divide.
ATM and ATR
play a central role in all these signals, two related proteins, called the human ATM and ATR. Both are kinases, ie enzymes that regulate the activity of other proteins by transferring phosphate groups to certain amino acids. In the case of ATM and ATR kinase activity that is now dependent on damage to DNA: Because they are activated, and transfer phosphates to proteins, the above-mentioned processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, regulate or repair. Fallen ATM and ATR, this results in humans with inherited diseases such as Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM, trying times to say it several times) or Seckel syndrome (ATR). Actually it should not surprise that people who suffer from Ataxia-telangiectasia, are very sensitive to radiation. Ionizing radiation produces DNA damage, finally, and by the loss of ATM function then the regulation of repair is not everything, etc.. This point is important for another reason, as we shall see.
image of ATM signaling pathway in the cell from the gene assist TM Pathway Atlas of Ambion / Applied Biosystems. Shown are the most important processes that are regulated by ATM. Target protein can be activated by ATM by attaching phosphate groups represented by the circles with "P" on the proteins.
caffeine inhibits ATM and ATR
A few years ago then took a few research groups, an interesting discovery: The activity of ATM (and ATR) can be inhibited by administration of caffeine. The group of Zhou et al. With luck, her in the Journal of Biological Chemistry published articles may also be used online free for educational purposes. Working through with cell cultures, they showed that the addition of caffeine activated more of ATM signaling pathways were suppressed, such as a stop signal in the cell cycle, which is to prevent the initiation of cell division when DNA damage (the G2/M-Checkpoint). This effect mimics the behavior of AT cells (cells of patients suffering from Ataxia-telangiectasia and in which ATM is inactive) to see how nice to see in Figure 5 of the article.
Figure 5 in Zhou et al. (2000)
Chk2 is also a kinase that is regulated but the main repair pathway and are activated by ATM needs. Without big now, the principle behind electrophoretic methods to explain do you see after irradiation the cells, the activation of Chk2 by ATM in the higher band at 2 (compare with 1) because the Chk2 molecule is by attaching a Phosphatgrupppe grown. This activation occurs after treatment with caffeine no longer take place (the band is at 4 on the same level as the inactive control at 1, so we were a phosphate group turn hanged). This result is comparable with the behavior of AT cells without caffeine treatment (numbers 5 / 6).
Figure 7 from Zhou et al. (2000)
In Figure 7, Zhou and colleagues have another ATM-regulated way regarded apoptosis. Very important for initiating apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the protein p53, which can also be activated by attaching a phosphate group from ATM. As you can see very beautiful, p53 is activated with increasing caffeine concentration less and less, and even without irradiation (ausgeüllte circles: + irradiation, open squares: irradiation)! This means that in a few cells whose DNA was not severely damaged by irradiation, occurring spontaneous damage resulting in activation of p53 (and perhaps the triggering of apoptosis). And caffeine can be suppressed by inhibition of ATM.
The medical application
Earlier I said in the description of the disease ataxia-telangiectasia that patients are very sensitive to radiation, and the data have also shown why: ATM as a central regulator of many cellular processes after DNA damage can these processes not activate, the damage is not repaired and the cells cheerfully try to divide anyway. Since caffeine can mimic this appearance of AT cells, it has been used for several years in cancer medicine: Tumor cells are more sensitive to radiation therapy when administered to the patient receives additional caffeine. And this beneficial effect was also for several chemotherapeutics be shown (such as cisplatin ).
not forget: the concentration!
What in the Daily Mirror article is unfortunately omitted: To achieve these effects of caffeine in humans, concentrations of about 10 mM are necessary. After drinking a cup of strong coffee, the concentration in the blood but at about 50 microns [1], so it is about 200 times lower. In other words, caffeine is after more than five hours in blood taken down, we would have to at least 200 cups of strong coffee in less than five hours drinking in order to achieve an effect of caffeine on ATM!
The conclusion of the story: The Daily Mirror should be ashamed, pregnant women scare, and Mr. Cooke should research before his next project, at least five minutes brauchts namely, not more. And the literature is shown at least partially accessible.
[1] Calculated from a caffeine plasma concentration of 10 mg / l and the assumption of 8 mg / kg caffeine after drinking a cup of coffee.
[2] Sorry for the title, but I could not help me ;-)
Zhou, BB, Chaturvedi, P., Spring, K., Scott SP, Johanson RA, Mishra, R. Mattern, MR, Winkler JD, Khanna, KK (2000). Caffeine abolishes the mammalian G (2) / M DNA damage checkpoint by inhibiting ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase activity J Biol Chem, 275 (14), 10342-10348 my 
The scientific blog world is in Riot : 'Although there's no evidence at all of a link between caffeine and cancer, we're putting two and two together and saying: caffeine can induce these changes and it has been shown that these changes are elevated in leukemia patients, "added Dr Cooke.It is derived from the words absence of evidence the basis of his research and also equal to the matching result from? I cry because time equal to the Nobel Prize committee ...
What the blogging colleagues (with the exception of Neuroskeptic ), in their excitement, but not received, and "overlooked" Mr Cooke was well: the caffeine content, and genome stability is already understood quite well! Sorry, but not the way it is presented in the article. But first things first.
signaling of DNA damage
I have mentioned a few posts already on the repair of DNA damage, but an important part of it I have been embezzled. For before the cell actually repairs the damage, it must still decide whether the repair worthwhile. For with numerous damages there's always the risk that creep mutations. And then before cancer develops, the organism sacrifices rather have a cell. This programmed cell death follows a strict genetic program and is known as apoptosis. the cell has decided to repair the damage they do, first of all the numerous repair proteins be activated. Moreover, during the repair of the cell cycle should be stopped. It would be very bad if the cell is located in the repair process begins to replicate their DNA, or to divide.
ATM and ATR
play a central role in all these signals, two related proteins, called the human ATM and ATR. Both are kinases, ie enzymes that regulate the activity of other proteins by transferring phosphate groups to certain amino acids. In the case of ATM and ATR kinase activity that is now dependent on damage to DNA: Because they are activated, and transfer phosphates to proteins, the above-mentioned processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, regulate or repair. Fallen ATM and ATR, this results in humans with inherited diseases such as Ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM, trying times to say it several times) or Seckel syndrome (ATR). Actually it should not surprise that people who suffer from Ataxia-telangiectasia, are very sensitive to radiation. Ionizing radiation produces DNA damage, finally, and by the loss of ATM function then the regulation of repair is not everything, etc.. This point is important for another reason, as we shall see.
image of ATM signaling pathway in the cell from the gene assist TM Pathway Atlas of Ambion / Applied Biosystems. Shown are the most important processes that are regulated by ATM. Target protein can be activated by ATM by attaching phosphate groups represented by the circles with "P" on the proteins.
caffeine inhibits ATM and ATR
A few years ago then took a few research groups, an interesting discovery: The activity of ATM (and ATR) can be inhibited by administration of caffeine. The group of Zhou et al. With luck, her in the Journal of Biological Chemistry published articles may also be used online free for educational purposes. Working through with cell cultures, they showed that the addition of caffeine activated more of ATM signaling pathways were suppressed, such as a stop signal in the cell cycle, which is to prevent the initiation of cell division when DNA damage (the G2/M-Checkpoint). This effect mimics the behavior of AT cells (cells of patients suffering from Ataxia-telangiectasia and in which ATM is inactive) to see how nice to see in Figure 5 of the article.
Figure 5 in Zhou et al. (2000)
Chk2 is also a kinase that is regulated but the main repair pathway and are activated by ATM needs. Without big now, the principle behind electrophoretic methods to explain do you see after irradiation the cells, the activation of Chk2 by ATM in the higher band at 2 (compare with 1) because the Chk2 molecule is by attaching a Phosphatgrupppe grown. This activation occurs after treatment with caffeine no longer take place (the band is at 4 on the same level as the inactive control at 1, so we were a phosphate group turn hanged). This result is comparable with the behavior of AT cells without caffeine treatment (numbers 5 / 6).
Figure 7 from Zhou et al. (2000)
In Figure 7, Zhou and colleagues have another ATM-regulated way regarded apoptosis. Very important for initiating apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the protein p53, which can also be activated by attaching a phosphate group from ATM. As you can see very beautiful, p53 is activated with increasing caffeine concentration less and less, and even without irradiation (ausgeüllte circles: + irradiation, open squares: irradiation)! This means that in a few cells whose DNA was not severely damaged by irradiation, occurring spontaneous damage resulting in activation of p53 (and perhaps the triggering of apoptosis). And caffeine can be suppressed by inhibition of ATM.
The medical application
Earlier I said in the description of the disease ataxia-telangiectasia that patients are very sensitive to radiation, and the data have also shown why: ATM as a central regulator of many cellular processes after DNA damage can these processes not activate, the damage is not repaired and the cells cheerfully try to divide anyway. Since caffeine can mimic this appearance of AT cells, it has been used for several years in cancer medicine: Tumor cells are more sensitive to radiation therapy when administered to the patient receives additional caffeine. And this beneficial effect was also for several chemotherapeutics be shown (such as cisplatin ).
not forget: the concentration!
What in the Daily Mirror article is unfortunately omitted: To achieve these effects of caffeine in humans, concentrations of about 10 mM are necessary. After drinking a cup of strong coffee, the concentration in the blood but at about 50 microns [1], so it is about 200 times lower. In other words, caffeine is after more than five hours in blood taken down, we would have to at least 200 cups of strong coffee in less than five hours drinking in order to achieve an effect of caffeine on ATM!
The conclusion of the story: The Daily Mirror should be ashamed, pregnant women scare, and Mr. Cooke should research before his next project, at least five minutes brauchts namely, not more. And the literature is shown at least partially accessible.
[1] Calculated from a caffeine plasma concentration of 10 mg / l and the assumption of 8 mg / kg caffeine after drinking a cup of coffee.
[2] Sorry for the title, but I could not help me ;-)
Zhou, BB, Chaturvedi, P., Spring, K., Scott SP, Johanson RA, Mishra, R. Mattern, MR, Winkler JD, Khanna, KK (2000). Caffeine abolishes the mammalian G (2) / M DNA damage checkpoint by inhibiting ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase activity J Biol Chem, 275 (14), 10342-10348 my
Wednesday, February 4, 2009
Bollywood Masala Aishwarya
not I the current financial crisis, but the boom and subsequent crash of the biotech industry at the end of the 90s. Keith Robinson has witnessed first hand at one of the former biotech company Millennium Pharmaceuticals , and has a few days ago on Omics! Omics! indulged in a little memories.
Of course, if you have a mountain of loot you probably want to protect it. Enter the lawyers. Millennium had always filed on their discoveries; protect now they had lots of discoveries to. But protect from what? Well, the paranoia was a loss of "Freedom to Operate", usually known as FTO. Nobody knew what would stand up as a patent -- but there were instructive examples from the early biotech era of business plans sunk by a loss of FTO -- and expensive lawsuits that clearly marked that loss. So the patenting engine took off -- an expensive insurance policy against an unpredictable future.
[...]
This was the late 90's and the hype was getting thick -- we were guilty but so were others. Millennium wasn't a big pusher of high gene counts -- at least in the terms of the day (but that's another whole story), but certainly we started selling all those genes we had & the ones we extrapolated were still out there. A key part of the business model was to sell the genes many times - if we could sell the same gene to Lilly for cardiovascular and metabolic for Roche and AstraZeneca for inflammation, all the better. Not that anything underhanded went on, we'd present the case to each company and most of the deals had exclusivity only within a therapeutic area.
to the point with the numbers of genes is he eingeganen detail in another post . Whence came the incredibly large numbers in the estimates of how many genes in the human genome are associated with, at one time was before the human genome sequence published? 50 000 100 000, or maybe even 200 000? Probably mainly competition. If the biotech companies A and B want to compile with both bioinformatics and hard work to the sequencers databases with human genes and sell them, to pharmaceutical companies about which database is then bought more? As long as you can only rely on rough estimates precaution that twice as many genes. So that has rocked slowly then up to a very lofty heights. Own fault if everybody cooperates. Was more sobering for the customer then the result of the Human Genome Project: about 25000-30000 genes in recent years, rather then shrunk to 22000-23000.
This is not to say that not a few people had already thought about this in the nineties:
So my colleague tried a new approach, which I think was to say: we have a few percent of the human genome sequences (albeit mostly around genes of interest and not randomly sampled). How many genes have been found? And what would that extrapolate out to for the whole genome.
His conclusion was so shocking I admit I refused to believe it at first, and never quite bought into it. I think it was about 25-30K. How could the textbooks be off by 2X-3X? I could believe the other genomics companies might be optimistic in interpreting their data, but could they really be deluding themselves that much??
But, the logic was hard to assault. In order for his estimate to be low by a lot, you would have to posit that the genomic regions sequenced to date were generated unusually poor - and that the rest of the genome was packed.
Both articles are worth reading, and hence quite interesting because you hear about the young age of genomics usually only from the side of academic research.
Tuesday, February 3, 2009
Milena Nadine Nursing Bras
(can not) JoVE videos
had since the last time I presented a video of the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) is already gone a little time. I of course every now and then literally threw an eye, but the way the set video has unfortunately changed. While there were short videos of experiments, first, the groups turned their findings are now mainly in the videos the methods of the working groups presented.
These videos are interesting but unfortunately most for people who work on a similar area.
Thus have I as often as you do antibody staining of chicken embryos with which experimental setup can be studied the role of olfactory signals on the flight of fruit flies , or how to methylated DNA is .
all sounds very exciting, but then after the brief introduction, rather boring quickly. I remain attentive, but unfortunately not believe that so soon I can report on an exciting video. 
had since the last time I presented a video of the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE) is already gone a little time. I of course every now and then literally threw an eye, but the way the set video has unfortunately changed. While there were short videos of experiments, first, the groups turned their findings are now mainly in the videos the methods of the working groups presented.
These videos are interesting but unfortunately most for people who work on a similar area.
Thus have I as often as you do antibody staining of chicken embryos with which experimental setup can be studied the role of olfactory signals on the flight of fruit flies , or how to methylated DNA is .
all sounds very exciting, but then after the brief introduction, rather boring quickly. I remain attentive, but unfortunately not believe that so soon I can report on an exciting video.
Gaviscon Side Effects
Auslese 2008 - I'm there!
Why I write a science blog? First of all I am an expectant scientists, and therefore naturally interested in scientific issues. were a number of graduate students and interns to do that already - it makes me but also fun, my enthusiasm for science to share with others.
I have learned during the study but only academic writing, which is a rather dry and formal language. The imparting of scientific topics, even and especially to non-scientists about here on the blog makes me so the challenge to break out of my usual scientific language patterns. What I do not always succeed, as I am confident. The more
has it got me that a five-member panel of scientists and journalists rounding "What does that say research on plants to parasites " for well thought enough about him together with 14 other highly recommended blog posts in the Science Blog Auslese 2008 take !
In the spirit: A warm welcome to all who have found the Science Café here. Check out quietly around, and read in other scientific contributions purely by me. I will try to write in 2009 contributions, which are worthy for the next selection.
Many thanks to the jurors, but also to Marc and Lars for the idea and the organization - and to the anonymous Nominator who has proposed my contribution for the elite! 
Why I write a science blog? First of all I am an expectant scientists, and therefore naturally interested in scientific issues. were a number of graduate students and interns to do that already - it makes me but also fun, my enthusiasm for science to share with others.
I have learned during the study but only academic writing, which is a rather dry and formal language. The imparting of scientific topics, even and especially to non-scientists about here on the blog makes me so the challenge to break out of my usual scientific language patterns. What I do not always succeed, as I am confident. The more
has it got me that a five-member panel of scientists and journalists rounding "What does that say research on plants to parasites " for well thought enough about him together with 14 other highly recommended blog posts in the Science Blog Auslese 2008 take !
In the spirit: A warm welcome to all who have found the Science Café here. Check out quietly around, and read in other scientific contributions purely by me. I will try to write in 2009 contributions, which are worthy for the next selection.
Many thanks to the jurors, but also to Marc and Lars for the idea and the organization - and to the anonymous Nominator who has proposed my contribution for the elite!
Friday, January 30, 2009
Casalinghe Porche Pic
playground Bioinformatics
With all the many useful tools that produce the bioinformaticians to us to facilitate the work of biologists, we have now reached a point also allows the interested layman a playful introduction to the mountains of data.
A very good example is the Genome Projector , the genome data from many (so far) bacteria using the familiar Google Maps interface represents.
The reference genome of the laboratory strain K12 of Escherichia coli (easy to find in the list, it is already marked with a bar) is a good starting point for anyone who wants a look take a look. Who in the pathway map to find the citric acid cycle? 
With all the many useful tools that produce the bioinformaticians to us to facilitate the work of biologists, we have now reached a point also allows the interested layman a playful introduction to the mountains of data.
A very good example is the Genome Projector , the genome data from many (so far) bacteria using the familiar Google Maps interface represents.
The reference genome of the laboratory strain K12 of Escherichia coli (easy to find in the list, it is already marked with a bar) is a good starting point for anyone who wants a look take a look. Who in the pathway map to find the citric acid cycle?
Tuesday, January 27, 2009
Transfer Pokemon From Diamond To Soul Silver
And yet I'll say! What
Did not I just say? In a few sentences, both the old story with the scala naturae , and an interesting classification of animals into two groups - higher and lower. Here at least the border at a known location is taken, with the higher animals are the Bilateria meant. But why then do not say Bilateria?
In the comments to my last post on here I have quoted from papers that draw the line between higher and lower animals somewhere else, such as in vertebrates. The whole thing makes sense in any event no.
And now I shall finish with stealing from T. Ryan Gregory of Genomicron , who has the paper also excitedly
Unexpected Evolutionpress release from the Information Service Science
Sonja of Brethorst, Press and Public Relations
University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
26/01/2009
Higher animals do not come from the lower animals from
scientists at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Veterinary Medicine), the Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics at the American Museum of Natural History and Yale University will present the latest edition of the online journal PLoS Biology surprising results of evolutionary research. The publication is available from Tuesday, 27 January 2009, http://biology.plosjournals.org be viewed on the web.
The German-American working group challenged with their research, the current view of the progress of evolution of animals. So far it was taken for granted that the evolution of animals from simple to complex animal strain was. The new research shows, however, that the lower animals have developed in parallel with the higher animals. Among the lower animals such as corals and jellyfish are counted, the higher animals include all known groups of the worm to man.
Did not I just say? In a few sentences, both the old story with the scala naturae , and an interesting classification of animals into two groups - higher and lower. Here at least the border at a known location is taken, with the higher animals are the Bilateria meant. But why then do not say Bilateria?
In the comments to my last post on here I have quoted from papers that draw the line between higher and lower animals somewhere else, such as in vertebrates. The whole thing makes sense in any event no.
And now I shall finish with stealing from T. Ryan Gregory of Genomicron , who has the paper also excitedly
"It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another" (Charles Darwin, 1837)
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